莎士比亚剧作系列—TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

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莎士比亚剧作系列—TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

The Merchant of Venice

William Shakespeare

main characters & synopsis:

Bassanio 巴塞尼奥 (a Venetian merchant)

Antonio 安东尼奥 (a rich merchant and Bassanios good friend)

Portia 波西亚 (a rich heiress,a girl who Bassanio seeks to marry)

Shylock 夏洛克 (a Jewish moneylender)

巴塞尼奥是一位威尼斯商人,挥金如土,他想娶一位富有的女继承人波西亚。为了前往波西亚的城堡并赢得她的欢心,巴塞尼奥必须向一位富有的商人兼好友安东尼奥借钱。然而,由于安东尼奥的钱投入到海上贸易了,安东尼奥为帮助好友巴萨尼奥娶得波西亚,向放高利贷的犹太人夏洛克借钱,由于安东尼奥贷款给人从不要利息,此外,安东尼奥还常常指责夏洛克,因此夏洛克答应借钱后要求安东尼奥签下一份严厉的契约:若无法还钱,就割下自己的一磅肉抵债。不料,他的商船在海上遇险,因而无法如期还款,被夏洛克告上了法庭。夏洛克怀着深仇大恨,来到威尼斯法庭,他斩钉截铁的拒绝和解,坚决按照借据条款,从安东尼奥身上割下一磅肉,这时剧情达到扣人心弦的最高潮。

另一方面,美丽富有的少女波西亚被许多人追求,她的终身大事必须取决于父亲生前设置的金、银、铅三个彩匣,选中正确彩匣的求婚者就是她的丈夫。波西亚被父亲剥夺了婚姻自主权,为此感到苦恼。所幸她情意所钟的巴萨尼奥选中了铅盒,有情人终成眷属。

以上的两条情节线在‘法庭诉讼’一幕中汇合在一起,装扮成法学博士的波西亚向夏洛克指出:借据上只说他可取安东尼奥的一磅肉,但可没说他能拿安东尼奥的一滴血。所以她要求所割的一磅肉必须正好是一磅肉,不能多也不能少,更不能流血。夏洛克自然无法准确切割并只割安东尼奥的肉而不令他流血,聪慧的波西亚运用机智救了丈夫好友的性命。

Bassanio, a Venetian merchant, having squandered his estate, seeks to marry Portia, a rich heiress. In order to travel to Portia’s castle and win her hand, Bassanio must borrow money from Antonio. However, because Antonio’s money is tied up in ships at sea, he turns to the Jewish moneylender. And because of Antonios habit of lending money without interest and the many years of abuse from him, Shylock makes he must take a dangerous bond: if he cannot repay the full price at the specified date, he must give Shylock a pound of his flesh. Unfortunatelly, Antonios ships lost at sea, so the merchant cannot repay the bond. Shylock with deep hatred, coming to the Venetian court, he refuses to compromise, firmly in accordance with the bond. The climax of the play is set in the court.

On the other hand, Portia is awash with suitors. Her father left a will stipulating that each of her suitors must choose correctly from one of three caskets, made of gold, silver and lead respectively. Whoever picks the right casket wins Portias hand. Portia is distressed that her father have deprived her of the autonomy of her marriage. Fortunatelly, Bassanio, whom Portia wishes to succeed, having met him before, Bassanio chooses the lead casket and wins Portias hand.

The doctor of law , who is Portia in disguise comes to court, says that the contract allows Shylock to remove only the flesh, not the blood, of Antonio. She tells him that he must cut precisely one pound of flesh, no more, no less, and no bleeding. Shylock could not cut Antonios flesh precisely and without making him bleed. Clever Portia uses her wits to save the life of her husbands friend.


历史背景:

犹太人在逾越节(Passover)食用基督徒的肉,是中古世纪的传说。基督徒普遍相信犹太人曾加害基督。欧洲人一提起犹太人,就联想到放高利贷,犹太人可以放贷给基督徒,《旧约圣经·申命记》记载:借给外邦人可以获利,只是借给你弟兄不可取利。但罗马教会是严禁基督徒放高利贷的,1179年,第三次拉特朗大公会议规定,高利贷者要处以破门律。犹太人因放高利贷普遍遭到社会排斥,英王爱德华一世在位其间曾下令将犹太人逐出英国。1492年,犹太人被逐出西班牙。1509年,康布雷联盟战争爆发,犹太人为逃难而来到威尼斯,群居在一家旧式的铸铁厂,这些犹太人被规定要穿着黄色衣服或帽子。1541年,威尼斯当局将犹太人安排在另一块聚居区,即后来著名的红桌,有七层楼高。后来犹太人被准许成为威尼斯市民,并且可以从事贸易活动。早期欧洲的银行家几乎都是犹太人,居住于意大利北部伦巴底,英语的Bank是从意大利文的Banca演变而来。


莎士比亚笔下的夏洛克是人性化的,他不仅被赋予了愤怒和复仇的动机,还被赋予了剧中最著名和最有说服力的台词。

To bait fish withal;

拿来钓鱼也好;

if it will feed nothing else,it will feed my revenge.

即使他的肉不中吃,至少也可以出出我这一口气。

He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses,

他曾经羞辱过我,夺去我几十万块钱的生意,讥笑着我的亏蚀,

mocked at my gains, scorned my nation,

挖苦着我的盈余,侮蔑我的民族,

thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies;

破坏我的买卖,离间我的朋友,煽动我的仇敌;

and whats his reason? I am a Jew.

他的理由是什么?只因为我是一个犹太人。

Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs,

难道犹太人没有五官四肢、

dimensions, senses, affections, passions?

没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗?

fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons,

他不是吃着同样的食物,同样的武器可以伤害他,

subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means,

warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is?

同样的医药可以疗治他,冬天同样会冷,夏天同样会热,就像一个基督徒一样吗?

If you prick us, do we not bleed?

你们要是用刀剑刺我们,我们不是也会出血的吗?

if you tickle us, do we not laugh?

你们要是搔我们的痒,我们不是也会笑起来的吗?

if you poison us, do we not die?

你们要是用毒药谋害我们,我们不是也会死的吗?

and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?

那么要是你们欺侮了我们,我们难道不会复仇吗?

If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that.

要是在别的地方我们都跟你们一样,那么在这一点上也是彼此相同的。

If a Jew wrong a Christian,what is his humility? Revenge.

If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge.

要是一个犹太人欺侮了一个基督徒,那基督徒怎样表现他的谦逊?报仇。

The villany you teach me, I will execute,

and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.

你们已经把残虐的手段教给我,我一定会照着你们的教训实行。

——威尼斯商人经典对白

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